Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A Spectrum of Solutions

ADHD is a significant family and community issue, as it is associated with higher rates of behavioural and conduct problems, accidents and injuries, school and learning difficulties, alcohol and drug abuse and family conflict.

TYPES OF ADHD

TYPE 1 ADHD Inattention without Hyperactivity

• Trouble paying attention
• Trouble following directions
• Trouble following tasks
• Shy or Withdrawn behaviour
• Easily distracted
• Seems disorganized or careless
• Slow to process information

TYPE 2 ADHD Hyperactivity without Inattention

• Restlessness
• Impulsive speech and actions
• Excessive talking
• Loud interactions with others
• Difficulty waiting turns
• Frequent interruptions
• Overactive
• May have a quick temper

TREATMENT

Pharmacological

• Research indicates that pharmacological treatment is the treatment choice for ADHD (moderate to severe ADHD)
• Focus is on improving attention and behaviourial regulation.

Behavioural Therapy

• Focus is on teaching the child behaviour regulation strategies to improve the frequency & duration of positive task behaviours using Token economy or Star Charting
• Establish a positive reinforcement schedule
• Parents are encouraged to modify the environment to focus on child’s strength & areas of concern

Parent & Teacher

• Work with parents to establish realistic expectations regarding behavioural management and task completion
• Help identify that the child struggles with attention regulation and executive functioning in clinical terms

CHILD CARE

How to Diagnose?

• Diagnosis of ADHD should be based on structured observation of the child over a period of time and in a variety of situations at home or at school.
• It is important to exclude developmentally appropriate levels of inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity.
• Mood and anxiety disorder in children can also present with inattention and behavioural disturbance
• Environmental and family assessment should exclude attachment disorders, sequelae of trauma & abuse.
• Mental status examination should focus on levels of depression, anxiety, cognitive functioning, and pro social and emotional development.

SYMPTOMS OF ADHD

• Impulsivity
• Lack of concentration
• Easily distracted
• Excessive talking
• Acting without thinking
• Making careless mistakes
• Fidgeting
• Forgetfulness
• Inattentive
• Hyperactivity

HOW SYMPTOMS AFFECT

At Home

• Difficulty following morning routines
• Increased frequency of arguments with parents/siblings
• Difficulty completing homework and daily chores
• Messy/disorganised room

At School

• Difficulty remaining seated in class
• Difficulty completing work in timely fashion
• Difficulty organising materials

In Group

• Difficulty regulating behaviour on the playground
• Trouble interacting with peers
• Difficulty waiting turns during games